The rise of the gig economy has dramatically reshaped the Indian labor market, bringing with it a new wave of workers who operate outside the traditional employer-employee relationship. Gig workers—who deliver food, drive for ride-hailing services, or freelance in various sectors—are part of a fast-growing workforce segment. However, despite their significant contributions to the economy, these workers often lack basic rights and protections under existing labor laws. With the growing demand for formal recognition and social security benefits, whether India’s labor law framework can adapt to these new realities has become a critical issue.
The Gig Economy in India: An Overview
India’s gig economy has exploded in recent years, fueled by the rapid growth of technology platforms like Uber, Ola, Zomato, Swiggy, UrbanClap, and others. According to a NITI Aayog report, India had around 7.7 million gig workers in 2020-21, and this number is expected to grow to 23.5 million by 2030. Gig workers are categorized as independent contractors, which gives platforms the flexibility to scale their operations while avoiding the obligations associated with formal employment relationships, such as providing benefits like health insurance, paid leave, and job security.
While the gig economy offers workers opportunities for flexible work arrangements, it also leaves many vulnerable to exploitation. Gig workers face unpredictable incomes, lack of job security, and no formal social protection—a situation that became even more precarious during the COVID-19 pandemic, when many were left without income support or healthcare access.
Lack of Legal Recognition and Protection
The main issue gig workers face in India is the absence of legal recognition under traditional labor laws. In the current framework, workers are broadly classified as either employees or independent contractors. Gig and platform workers fall into the latter category, which excludes them from the protections and benefits typically afforded to regular employees.
This lack of legal recognition means that gig workers have no access to essential protections such as:
• Minimum Wage Guarantees: Since gig workers are paid per task, their earnings can vary widely, and many do not meet the threshold for minimum wage levels in various states.
• Social Security: Most gig workers are not covered by schemes like Employee Provident Fund (EPF), Employee State Insurance (ESI), or pensions. This leaves them without a financial safety net in case of illness, accidents, or old age.
• Health and Safety Protections: Gig workers often face risky working conditions, such as delivery drivers braving traffic and adverse weather conditions, without the assurance of workplace safety regulations or insurance.
• Collective Bargaining: As independent contractors, gig workers cannot unionize or engage in collective bargaining, limiting their ability to advocate for better wages and conditions.
The Code on Social Security, 2020: A Step in the Right Direction?
The Indian government has acknowledged these challenges and made some attempts to extend protections to gig workers through the Code on Social Security, 2020. For the first time in India’s labor history, this code recognizes gig and platform workers as a distinct category, offering a legal basis for providing them with social security benefits. The code allows for the creation of social security schemes for gig and platform workers, including provisions for life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits, and old-age protection.
While this recognition is a positive step, many labor experts argue that the code falls short of delivering substantial benefits. The key issue lies in the fact that most of the provisions related to gig workers are not mandatory. The implementation of social security schemes is left to the discretion of state governments and the platforms themselves, meaning that enforcement is inconsistent and many workers may still be left without adequate protections.
Global Precedents: What India Can Learn
Several countries have taken steps to offer better protections to gig workers, providing valuable lessons for India. For example:
• The UK: In the landmark case of Uber BV v Aslam, the UK Supreme Court ruled that Uber drivers should be classified as "workers," entitling them to minimum wage, paid holidays, and other employment rights. This decision has set a precedent for gig worker rights in the UK, potentially influencing policies in other countries.
• California, USA: California’s Proposition 22, while controversial, allows gig workers to remain independent contractors but provides certain benefits like healthcare subsidies and accident insurance. This model offers a middle ground between the flexibility of gig work and the need for basic protections.
• Spain: Spain has passed legislation that recognizes food delivery riders as employees, giving them access to benefits like unemployment insurance and collective bargaining rights.
India could draw from these examples to create a more robust and inclusive framework that balances the need for platform flexibility with workers’ rights.
The Way Forward: Formalizing Gig Work
As the gig economy continues to grow, the need for comprehensive reforms in India’s labor laws is becoming increasingly urgent. To create a fair and sustainable gig economy, several changes are necessary:
1. Legal Classification: India must create a clear legal framework that defines the status of gig workers. This could involve a hybrid classification that recognizes gig workers as a unique category entitled to basic protections, while still maintaining the flexibility that characterizes gig work.
2. Mandatory Social Security: The government should mandate that platforms contribute to social security schemes for gig workers. This could be modeled after existing employer-employee contributions for provident funds and insurance.
3. Wage Security: Minimum wage guarantees or a fair pay structure based on the nature of gig work should be implemented to ensure that gig workers are not subject to exploitative wages.
4. Access to Healthcare and Insurance: Platforms should be required to provide accident insurance and health benefits to gig workers, ensuring that those who face high-risk working conditions are protected.
5. Collective Bargaining Rights: Allowing gig workers to form unions or associations would provide them with a platform to negotiate fair wages and working conditions.
6. State Intervention: State governments must actively ensure the effective implementation of social security schemes for gig and platform workers. Regulatory frameworks should be enforced, and penalties for non-compliance should be strengthened.
